The RCM2™ Methodology
The RCM2™ methodology is a process used to determine what must be done to an asset to
preserve its functions (while minimizing or avoiding failure consequences). Prior to starting an
analysis, a trained facilitator or asset manager must be able to identify a critical asset, usually
an asset that has the most potential for “pain” to the business or with the biggest gap between
current and desired performance.
RCM2™ Analysis provides answers to the
following seven questions:
Step 1: What are
its functions (What do its users want it to do)?
Step 2: In what ways can it fail (Functional
Failures)?
Step 3: What
causes it to fail (Failure Modes)?
Step 4: What happens when it fails (Failure Effects)?
Step 5: Does it matter if it fails (Consequences of Failure)?
Step 6: Can
anything be done to predict or prevent the failure?
Step 7: What do
we do if we cannot predict or prevent the failure?
This user guide covers all the functionalities of the RCM2™ methodology in the
ACTOR software as taught and practiced by the Aladon Network members and Aladon clients.
How to Complete an RCM2™ Analysis
- Select New Analysis on the ACTOR index page as indicated below.
The user will be introduced to the first step of the analysis process which is the Analysis Detail. In this section, the user captures all the analysis and planning details. At this point all the other tabs in the analysis process will be greyed out and the next steps will only be enabled as the user completes and saves each tab.
Select an existing Location ID from the Location tree and the analysis summary will automatically be populated with asset information captured in AMD. To add a new Location ID click here
- Capture the Analysis Name
- Capture the analysis Description.
- NB*The facilitator can lock the analysis by checking the "Lock Analysis" checkbox as highlighted below. This action prevents anyone from making changes to the analysis except the Facilitator. The reviewers that are added in the Review Group will however be allowed to make comments to the analysis whilst it is still in progress if the "Allow Reviewer Access" checkbox is selected. To do this please ensure that the reviewers are added first in the Review Group. If the checkbox allowing for reviewer access is not selected, the reviewers will only have access to the analysis as soon as the analysis status is set to "In Review".
- Capture any analysis detail Notes
- Select the Estimated Start Date of the analysis
- Select the Estimated End date of the analysis
- Capture Stakeholders
- Capture the Sponsor
- Set the estimated minutes per failure mode by selecting the edit button and a pop-up screen will appear.
- Capture the Estimated Minutes Per Failure Mode and select the OK button once complete or cancel if user does not wish to complete this step.
- Once the Estimated Minutes Per Failure Mode have been set, Capture the Estimated Number of Failure Modes and the Estimated hours will automatically be calculated as illustrated below.
- Click the main Save button or right click and Save and the analysis status will be set to "In-Planning".
OR
How to Add a Review Group
Creating the Review
Group is the process of deciding who will be included in the RCM2™ analysis. This
is a group of individuals who have a thorough understanding of the asset under
review. This group is made up of but not limited to the following team members:
- Facilitator- Ensures that analysis correctly
carried out, within defined maintenance schedule and that the results of the
analysis are properly recorded. Aladon has trained facilitators who should
determine the expertise needed to look at the asset under review, while keeping
in mind the multi-disciplinary nature of Review Groups.
- Operations Supervisor- Participates in
the review in his capacity as operations supervisor.
- Maintenance Supervisor- Participates in
the review in his capacity as maintenance supervisor.
- Select the Review Group tab
- The analysis summary will already be populated with details captured in the Analysis Detail and will be carried across all the tabs
- Select a Facilitator from the drop-down menu
- Capture Facilitator comments
- Add group members by selecting them from the dropdown menu and they will be added to the grid
- The group members can also be removed by selecting the bin icon on the far-right side of the grid as illustrated
- Set review date for the analysis by selecting the calendar icon
- Add reviewers by selecting from the dropdown menu
• Add Review Group Comments
• Click “Save” and the Operating Context tab will be enabled
How to define an Operating Context
An important step in the RCM2™ methodology is
defining the Operating Context since it is a summary of the way an asset fits
into the system under consideration. The Operating Context is defined as the
circumstances in which a physical asset or system is expected to operate.
- Select the Operating Context tab
- Capture a short “Overall Process Description”
Uploading to Server:
A document can be uploaded to a server location and a link is created as a reference.
Uploading to Database:
A document can be uploaded into the database where a copy is stored. Depending on the file size, this option can increase the size of the database.
- Upload the Overall Process Description images
- Select “Choose File”
- Select the file you wish to upload and select "Open" and the
file will be displayed
- Capture a short description of the part played by asset in process in the "Part Played by the Asset and Downtime Details" section. Any section in ACTOR marked by the red highlight needs to be completed.
- Capture a short description of the “Business Impact
of the Asset”
- Capture the “Downtime Cost Per Hour” that will be
used for the risk and worth doing analysis
- Capture a short description of the “Asset Function Description"
- Upload Asset Function images using the process for uploading the Overall Process Description images
- Add “Notes”
- Select "Save"
- Proceed to the Information Worksheet tab.
The Information Worksheet documents the Functions, Failed States, Failure Modes, and Failure Effects and Downtime Details. The Information Worksheet is similar to the Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) where the
severity of the Failure Mode is determined as if nothing was preventing it from
occurring.
It is important to note that RCM2™ defines a Failure Mode as the event that causes a Functional Failure where Failure Mode in RCM3™ is defined as a Cause and a Mechanism that causes the Failed State.
- Select the Information Worksheet tab.
- Expand the tree and select the analysis that you have just created.
- Add the "Function" in the Function Details section and it will be added to the tree.
- Click the "Add single function" button if you only wish to add one Function. The Failed State section of the tree will then be expanded for the user to capture the Failed States. Note that at this point the Information Worksheet is not yet saved. The user must select the main Save button to save the IWS.
- If a Function already exists, the user can select it on the tree, "Update" it and click the main Save button on the top action bar.
- It is possible to add more than one Function to an analysis. To do this, select the analysis on the tree, capture the Function and select the "Add another Function" button. The number of functions added will be indicated by a number next to the function as illustrated below.
- Add the Failed State in the Failed State Details section and it will be added to the tree.
- If a Failed State already exists, the user must select it on the tree, "Update" it and click the main Save button on the top action bar.
- Similar to the Functions, it is possible to add more than one Failed State to an analysis. To do this, select the analysis on the tree, capture the Failed State and select the "Add another Failed State" button. The number of Failed States added will be indicated by a letter next to the Failed State as illustrated below.
- Select a Failure Mode Cause from the dropdown menu.
- The user can also create a new Failure Mode Cause by typing it in the space provided ant a "Create" button will appear.
- Click the Create button and the new Failure Mode Cause will be added to the tree.
- Select the appropriate Failure Pattern if known.
- Click the main Save button and the Failure Mode Location ID dropdown will become active.
- Select the Failure Mode Location ID if its available. The Failure Mode (FM) Location ID is a drop down of the Analysis Location ID and all child locations. The FM Location ID is used to register lower level (child) locations against secondary functions at any lower level that is registered in the asset hierarchy. The system defaults to the Analysis Location ID but can be changed by the user.
- Click the main Save button.
How to use the “Analyzed Separately” function:
If the analysis needs to be "Analyzed
Separately" then check the box and fill in the reason for separate
analysis.
If a Failure Mode is identified, but it is part of a
system/sub-system which is outside the boundary of the current analysis, the
user can select the check box for "Analyzed Separately". For example, the outside system provides power so losing power could be a Failure Mode for which the user wants to identify the effects but there is no need to broaden the analysis to all the ways that will power fails.
In this case, the user would identify loss of power as a Failure Mode to document in the analysis, but the analysis does not document all the ways power can be lost. The advantage is that the group continues to focus on the asset and that expertise to analyze outside systems is not needed.
Note: The rest of the "Decision Worksheet" screens will not be available for further analysis once the Analyzed Separately
check box has been checked.
It is however important to remember that the analysis
of the other system needs to be scheduled and tracked since the other system’s
integrity impacts the integrity and reliability of the system being analyzed.
Capturing the Failure Effect:
Failure Effects describe what happens when the asset
fails. The assumption when writing effects are:
- The effects of
each Failure Mode should describe what would happen if nothing was done to
prevent it.
- Failure Effect
descriptions should include all the information needed to support the
evaluation of the consequences of the failure, to enable RCM2™ Review Groups to
assess whether the failure will become evident to the operating crew under
normal circumstances.
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How to add Downtime Details:
This section is used to determine the Cost of Breakdown without any interaction. The three sections for downtime costs are due to downtime that is based on the downtime cost/hour entered in the “Operating Context”, but it can be changed.
- Enter the downtime hours and the % of production lost (100% being total loss).
- Identify the corrective labor and material costs to get the total costs of breakdown.
- The Operating Context Images will be carried over from the Operating Context.
- Capture “Comments” if necessary, in the "Notes Details" section.
- Click “Save”.
How to Complete the Decision Worksheet:
The RCM2™ Decision
Diagram is used to guide toward a Failure Management Strategy. The user
answers all questions based upon the Failure Cause and the Failure Effects identified in the Information Worksheet.
- Navigate to the Decision Worksheet tab
Regulation Tasks
- If the task is a Regulatory task, then check the "Regulation Task" checkbox in the Information Details section and the Decision Diagram does not apply.
- Capture any Notes.
- Click Save.
Completing the RCM2™ Decision Diagram
For all other tasks, depending on the answers to the Decision Diagram, the outcomes as shown in the below table will be created.
- Start with the first box and the boxes fill out in an order that
follows the decision diagram as you answer YES/NO generally from top to bottom. Some columns may
end their line of questioning before all questions have been asked to better
mimic the flow of the Decision Diagram. Each question has a technically
feasible and Worth Doing section.
- Select “More” on the question you wish to clarify.
- A comment box will appear where a user can then add their comments.
- Use the directional arrows as highlighted below to reveal more questions.
- Click "Done" to close the pop-up box.
- Capture any additional ‘Notes’ in the "Notes Detail" section.
- Click “Save” and go to the Policy Worksheet tab. Depending on the “Policy Type”, the form will prompt the user to capture different information.
How to Complete the Policy Worksheet:
The “Policy Worksheet” is associated with the specific Risk Management Strategy that is defined for each identified Failure Mode during the analysis of the Functions and Failed States. Depending on the answers to the "Decision Diagram", ACTOR will generate the policy outcomes.
NB* It is important to note that the Worth Doing tab in the RCM2™ analysis workflow will become active only if the policy supports it. The system will notify the user if a policy does not support Worth Doing as illustrated below:
On-Condition Maintenance or OCM Tasks (Supports Worth Doing)
Tasks designed to detect Potential Failures are known as On-Condition tasks. On-Condition tasks are so called because the items that are inspected are left in service on the condition that they continue to meet specified performance standards.
How to complete the OCM Policy Details:
- The Information Details section is information carried over from the Information Worksheet.
- The Policy Type will be pre-selected based on the answers from the Decision Diagram.
- In the dropdown, select the Policy Sub Type. Like any other dropdown list in ACTOR, these are records from the Base file. The user however is able to create new or update existing policy sub-types which will also subsequently be added to the Base file. This method of adding or updating records is consistent throughout ACTOR for all the dropdowns.
- Capture the Plant Status.
- Capture the Equipment Status.
- Capture the Potential Failure or P-F Condition. This is the identifiable condition that indicates that a functional failure is either about to occur on in the process of occurring.
- Capture the P-F Interval: This is the minimum level likely to elapse between the discovery of a potential failure and the occurrence of a functional failure. It describes how often an On-Condition task must be performed.
NB* The system will automatically populate the Policy Interval and the Policy Interval UOM as soon as the P-F Interval and P-F Interval UOM fields are captured. This does not however prevent the user from capturing custom data if required.
- Capture the P-F interval Unit of Measure or UOM- This describes the frequency at which the On- Condition task must be carried out. E.g. Days, weeks, months, years etc.
- Capture the Technology.
- Select the Standard Policy and the Standard Policy details will automatically be populated.
- Update the Policy interval if necessary.
- Update the Policy interval UOM if necessary.
Adding and Deleting Trades
NB* All Policies where Trades need to be added will follow these same steps.
- Select the Trade from the dropdown menu.
- Capture the Quantity by double clicking so that the fields become active for the user to enter data.
- Capture the Duration by double clicking so that the fields become active for the user to enter data.
- The man hours will automatically be calculated.
- Select the Save button.
- Select the bin icon if you wish to remove or delete a Trade.
Adding and Deleting One-Time Changes
NB* All Policies where One-Time Changes need to be added will follow these same steps.
A One-Time Change will be considered to reduce the Risk in the even that no proactive task can be found that would do so on its own or when a combination of tasks will also not accomplish this. For failures that impact safety and the environment, the One-Time Change will be compulsory.
- Select the One-Time Change from the dropdown menu.
- Capture the One-Time Change details by double clicking on the field so that the fields become active for the user to enter data.
- Click the main Save.
- Select the bin icon to delete a One-Time Change.
Completing Policy Indicators
NB* All Policies where Policy Indicators need to be added will follow these same steps.
If evidence can be found that something is in the final stages of failure, it may be possible to take action to prevent it from failing completely and/or to avoid the consequences. These are recorded in the Policy Indicator section of the On-Condition Task in ACTOR.
- Most times this section is collapsed in the Policy Worksheet. Expand the Policy Indicator section and select the Indicator from the dropdown menu.
- Depending on the selection, the Indicator UOM, Description and Indicator Type will automatically be populated as this is data from the Base file.
- Capture the Indicator Limits
- Capture the Indicator Action
Preventative Maintenance Tasks or PREV (Supports Worth Doing)
In terms of physical asset management, it is possible to reduce the probability of the failure event happening through preventing the item from getting into a failed state. Scheduled Restoration and Scheduled Discard Tasks are two preventative options that can be applied to reduce the consequences of the failure.
How to complete the PREV Policy Details:
- The Analysis Summary is information carried over from the Analysis Detail.
- The Information Details section is information carried over from the Information Worksheet.
- The Policy Type will be pre-selected based on the answers from the Decision Diagram.
- The Information Details section is information carried over from the Information Worksheet.
- The Policy Type will be pre-selected based on the answers from the Decision Diagram.
- Select the Policy Sub Type.
- Select the Plant Status.
- Select the equipment status.
- Capture the Useful Life
- Select the Useful Life UOM
OREST Integration Explained:
The Optimal Replacement of Equipment or OREST module previously known as the Weibull module, assist users to analyze reliability data to obtain the optimal preventive replacement policy in three scenarios: deterministic replacement, age preventive replacement and constant interval preventive replacement. The integration from RCM to OREST has been created in ACTOR to enable users to easily perform a trend analysis of failure data for the identified Failure Mode simultaneously whilst defining the appropriate preventative replacement policy.
- If a user has an OREST module license, they can select the OREST button which will redirect the user to the module. The outcomes of the OREST analysis will be reflected in RCM.
- If the user is not licensed, this button will be unselectable.
- Select the Standard Policy and the Standard Policy Detail will automatically be populated.
- Capture the Policy Interval.
- Select the Policy Interval UOM.
- Capture Trades.
- Capture One Time Changes if necessary.
- Capture Additional Notes.
- Click Save.
Combination OF Tasks (COT) Policy Type
For a very small number of evident or hidden failure modes that have safety or environmental consequences and a task cannot be found that on its own reduces the risk to a tolerably low level, a combination of tasks usually from two different task categories is carried out.
How to complete the COT Policy Details:
- The Analysis Summary is information carried over from the Analysis Detail.
- The Information Details section is information carried over from the Information Worksheet.
- Select a Policy Type from the dropdown menu.
- The selected Policy Type will be added to the grid.
- Double click on each Policy and complete the policy details. Refer to the above steps on how to complete a PREV or OCM Policy.
- Select the bin icon to delete or remove a policy.
- Click Save.
Failure Finding Task (FT) Policy Type
Failure Finding Tasks entail checking hidden functions periodically to determine whether they have failed. These tasks seek to increase the reliability and availability of the protective device (where the protective device is protected by one or more protective devices) to reduce the risks associated with its failure to a tolerable level.
How to complete FT Policy Details:
- The analysis summary will already be populated with details captured in the Analysis Detail.
- The Policy Type will be pre-selected based on the answers from the Decision Diagram.
- Select the Policy Sub Type.
- Select the Plant Status.
- Select the Equipment Status.
Calculating the Initial Interval using the less Rigorous Method
- Select the Initial interval button for a less rigorous calculation and a pop-up window will appear.
- Capture the Required Availability. This is the probability that the equipment will perform its task. The Required Availability value in ACTOR is linked to the Safety Integrity Levels (SIL). When the user captures the required availability, ACTOR uses this value to determine the Safety Integrity Levels based on the IEC 61511 and IEC 61508 standards referenced below:
SIL | Availability% | PFDavg | Risk Reduction | Qualitative Consequence |
4 | >99.99 | | 100,000-10,000 | Potential for fatalities in the community |
3 | 99.9 | | 10,000-1,000 | Potential for multiple on- site fatalities |
2 | 99 to 99.9 | | 1,000-100 | Potential for major on-site injuries or a fatality |
1 | 90 to 99 | | 100-10 | Potential for minor on-site injuries |
- Capture Mtive and the Initial Interval will be calculated.
- Select the Done button.
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- Select the Safety Integrity Level
Calculating the Initial Interval using the Single Protective Device Method
- Select the Failure Finding button and a pop-up window will appear.
- Select a Failure Finding calculation option.
- Complete the required fields and ACTOR will calculate the Initial Interval using the built-in formulas.
- Select Done at the bottom right corner of the pop-up screen.
- Select the Standard Policy and the Standard Policy Description will automatically be populated.
- Capture the Policy Interval.
- Select the Policy Interval UOM.
- Capture the Trades.
- Capture the One-Time Changes.
- Capture additional Notes in the Notes Details section.
- Click Save.
Regulation Tasks
Quality, Environmental and Safety Standards and Regulations are being considered regarding tolerable levels of risk during the design and maintenance of assets to ensure compliance.
How to complete REG Policy Details:
- The analysis summary will already be populated with details captured in the Analysis Detail.
- The Information
- Select the Policy Sub-Type.
- Select the Plant Status.
- Select the Equipment Status.
- Select the Regulation Code and the Regulation Code Description will automatically be populated.
- Select the Standard Policy and the Standard Policy Detail will automatically be populated.
- Capture the Policy Interval.
- Select the Policy Interval UOM.
- Capture Trades.
- Capture One-Time Changes if necessary.
- Capture additional Notes in the Notes Details section.
- Click Save.
No Scheduled Maintenance (NSM) with Optional Redesign
This entails default entails making no effort to anticipate or prevent failure modes to which it is applied, and so those failures are simply allowed to occur and then be repaired. This default is also called run to failure. NB* This does not however mean that there is no planned maintenance.
No Scheduled Maintenance is only valid if:
- A suitable scheduled task cannot be found for a hidden function and the associated multiple failure does not have safety or environmental consequences.
- A Cost-effective preventative task cannot be found for failure posing an economic risk (operational or non-operational consequences).
How to complete the NSM Policy Details:
- The analysis summary will already be populated with details captured in the Analysis Detail.
- The Policy Type and Standard Policy will be pre-selected based on the answers from the Decision Diagram.
- Capture the Standard Policy Detail.
Operator Rounds or Operator Driven Reliability
Some Failure
Modes identified during the RCM analysis may not be susceptible to any on
condition task, scheduled restoration, or discard tasks, but are important
enough to be added to the operator’s checklists. In these cases, the Failure Mode
can be linked to one. These are informal tasks performed by operators
during their rounds. These tasks will typically be captured on a handheld device or on
check sheets.
- Check the Operator Rounds checkbox and additional fields will appear.
- Capture the Operator Round Details.
- Capture the Operator Round Interval.
- Select the Operator Round Interval UOM.
- Capture One-Time Changes if necessary.
- Capture Notes in the Notes Detail section.
- Click Save.
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Compulsory Redesign (One-Time Change or COTC) Policy Type
A One-Time Change refers to any change in the specification of any item of equipment. It includes changing the specification of a component, adding a new item, replacing an entire machine with one of a different make or type or relocating a machine. It also refers to any other Once-off change to a process or procedure that affects the operation of the plant. It even covers training as a method of dealing with a specific failure mode (which can be seen as redesigning the capability of the person being trained). One-Time Changes don't only impact the consequences of the failure but may also impact the probability of the failure happening and therefore need to be considered in the task selection process.
How to complete the COTC Policy Details:
- The analysis summary will already be populated with details captured in the Analysis Detail.
- Capture the COTC Detail.
- Add a One-Time Change.
- Select the bin icon to Delete or Remove a One-Time Change.
- Capture additional Notes in the Notes Detail section.
- Click Save.
Worth
Doing
Note: If a Policy Type does not support “Worth Doing” the system
will display an error message.
When a
maintenance task addresses an operational or economic risk, the task must be
"Worth Doing." In this case the cost of doing the task over time must
be less than the cost of the impact of the failure including the cost of
repair. The table below is used for this calculation:
Worth Doing is broken into three sections:
Breakdown costs and Proactive Maintenace that is made up of Pro-Active and
Planned Corrective tasks. Each section is
broken into costs from loss of production, labor costs and material
costs. These costs are then annualized based on the “Mean Time Between Failures”
(MTBF).
How to complete the Breakdown Cost calculations:
- The analysis summary will already be prepopulated with details captured in the Analysis Detail.
- The information details will be prepopulated with information captured in the Information Worksheet.
- Click the Breakdown Cost Calculator.
- Downtime
Cost/Hour - This will be the cost of lost production/operations if
the failure occurs, and it results in shutdown of the production/operation.
- Downtime
(Hours) - This is the total time that production/operations will be down
from the point that the failure occurs until production/operations has been
fully restored.
- Downtime
Cost Total - This value is calculated and populated by the system by
multiplying Downtime Cost/Hour x Downtime (Hours).
- Actual %
Production Lost - This value will default to 100% but can be changed
by the user. This is the actual % of production /operations that will be lost
if the failure occurs. If there is no redundancy in the system, this value will
be 100%. In some cases where there is redundancy in the process this value may
be 75% or 50% etc.
- Labor Cost
Per Hour - This is the tariff/charge out rate for the personnel that will
be involved in the repair activity for this failure. This figure is normally an
average tariff to be used for all trades as decided by the organization.
- No of
Personnel - This is the number of personnel that will be actively involved
in the repair and restoration of production/operations.
- Task
Duration (Hours) - Not applicable for the calculation of Cost of Breakdown.
- Labor Cost
Total - This value is calculated and populated by the system by
multiplying No of Personnel x Task Duration (Hours).
- Part Cost
(Including Sec Damage) - This field represents the cost of part
replacement to affect the repair for this failure. Where other equipment/parts
may also be damaged because of this failure, the cost this need to be taken
into consideration and included in this cost. Sometimes this is referred to as
“Material Cost.”
- Total Cost of Breakdown - This value is calculated and
populated by the system and is the sum of Actual Downtime Cost
+ Labor Cost total + Part Cost (Including Sec Damage).
- MTBF - This value represents the
estimated average time between failures (in years) for the failure mode under
consideration and is used in the calculation of the annualized cost
of the failure.
- Cost of Proactive Maintenance values used to calculate the total
cost of the maintenance task/s defined through the RCM process that will be
implemented to either predict or prevent the actual failure from happening
unanticipated.
How to complete the Pro-Active Maintenance Cost calculations:
- Click the Pro-Active maintenance calculator.
- Indicate whether the Maintenace is On-Condition maintenance or Preventative/Time based maintenance using the radio button.
- Capture On-Condition Manitenace Costs
- Capture the Preventative/Time Based Maintenace Costs.
- Planned Corrective Task values required to calculate the financial impact of performing the “Follow On” Planned Corrective task the failure as described in the failure effects.
- In the event that the Proactive Maintenance task identified through the RCM process is, for instance, an on-condition task such as vibration analysis, it implies that there will be cost for executing the scheduled vibration analysis task (which is captured in the Cost Of Pro-active Maintenance column), but then the “Follow On” Corrective task will be planned and therefore theoretically result in less or no actual production/process downtime, take less time to perform, and the part cost will normally not include cost caused by secondary damage.
- If the Proactive Maintenance task identified through the RCM process is a Scheduled Restoration or Scheduled Discard task, then the cost of the Proactive Maintenance will be 0 (zero) as all the costs will be captured in the Cost of Follow on Planned Corrective Maintenance column.
- Cost comparisons are then made by annualizing the costs to calculate the gain or loss.
- Capture additional Notes in the Notes Detail section.
- Click Save.
Note: You have now completed all the workflow steps for
your RCM2™analysis.